Archive for the ‘music and psychology’ Category

Youth repellent?

Monday, July 5th, 2010

“Classical music, opera, used to disperse teen loiterers”

I really hate news stories like this, mostly because they seem to confirm common suspicion that the young people are repelled by this old-fangled classical music business. And, not only that; in this specific case, at the London Public Library, it appears that this sensationalist statement is not entirely true. If you’re pumping ANY kind of music (and only two selections on endless loop!) through a tinny PA system, ANYONE would be repelled. It just happened that the area in front of the library was a popular hangout for teen smokers.

To me it seems another instance of attempting to prove a stereotype by forcing facts to fit thesis, not the other way around. Or is there any credence to this?

Plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose

Saturday, February 27th, 2010

Or, as we’d say on this side of the Atlantic, the more things change, the more they remain the same.

Throughout my conducting career I’ve faced the dreaded “How is it being a woman in a male-dominated field?” question, and my customary reply is that 1) I choose not to make a big deal of it and 2) musicians are fine with anyone on the podium as long as they are prepared and competent.

My reasoning lies in my belief that we largely create our own realities; if I choose to ignore the potential minefield of the woman-as-authority-figure model, and assume that others will as well, that’s the way it will be. If I act like it’s no big deal, everyone else feels like it’s no big deal. Classic group psychology.

On the other hand, if I ever became hyper-conscious of long-held assumptions about gender and leadership, it would probably cause me some anxiety, which would then affect both my work and relationship with the ensemble or organization in question.

In terms of the inroads women have made in the conducting field, to paraphrase – we’ve come a long way, baby. But as far as we’ve come, there are constant reminders of the underlying discomforts that still exist.

Case in point; the recent firing or conductor/Baroque specialist Emmanuelle Haïm. Slated to conduct a run of Mozart’s Idomeneo at the Opéra de Paris, she was dismissed and replaced by Philippe Hui two days before opening night. What ensued was a she-said/they-said unusual in the music world in that the Orchestra made a public statement in response to Haïm’s declaration. Haïm claimed that the musicians were unwilling to work with her to achieve a different (Baroque) aesthetic. The orchestra countered that they were disappointed in the lack of precision in both musical ideas and in conducting style/gestures, and that all they care for is the quality of a performance.

A vote of no confidence from an orchestra is rather extraordinary. In her defense, neither a contracted rehearsal period nor musicians unaccustomed to the very particular technical and musical needs of historically informed performance is conducive to an amicable work environment. In the orchestra’s defense, Haïm is a self-taught conductor who, while generally highly regarded for her musical expertise in the Baroque repertoire, is admittedly not a technically adept conductor.

The situation is fully outlined in this article from Le Monde; for the non-Francophones, a translation of most of the article here.

What struck me about this commotion is the inclusion of an obvious fact that the author of the article decided to add at the end of a paragraph (I’m using Charles T. Downey’s translation from Ionarts):

The orchestra, “called out” by Mme Haïm, broke its customary silence — a very rare thing — by the means of the commission elected by the musicians, which declared on January 22: “The musicians were delighted to try a Baroque approach, [but] there was great disappointment in the lack of precision as well of musical ideas in the conducting style.” In other words, the orchestra, which wanted only “to guarantee the excellence of the performances,” denounced a lack of competence, for this production, of one of the few woman conductors in the world. (emphasis mine)

We don’t need to be reminded that there are not a whole lot of female conductors in the world. Anyone not living under a rock is aware of this. So, assuming that the goal was not simply an unnecessary statement of the obvious, I can only infer that this phrase was added as some sort of snide insinuation.

Yes, I’ll admit, I’m probably more sensitive to gender slights than your average male conductor. It’s simply a matter of experience; I’ve been on the receiving end of backhanded commentary and dealt with interactions fraught with undercurrents of chauvinism countless times. Again, as I said earlier, my response is to completely ignore it, and when one ignores it, one at least has the possibility of neutralizing an unfriendly environment.

But when publicly presented in international media, it seems gratuitously provocative (a conductor declared incompetent – and she’s a WOMAN!). And let me be clear here; it’s the author of the article that rankles me. I know nothing about the actual situation and can only assume a conductor would be ousted only because a production was in serious jeopardy and was artistically compromised.

I strive to dispel any notion that my gender marks my work. In fact, most of the time I pay it no heed (yes, even in the four-inch heels). And, again, when one endeavors to disregard traditional societal norms, with enough time one can establish new norms. Media insinuations like this one merely do a disservice to the very real work we’ve undertaken to eradicate those boundaries and assumptions.

Just when you think we’ve made progress, all you need to do is scratch the surface to discover the underlying bias. Plus ça change… (and do read down through all the comments; the vitriol is extraordinary.)

Music for a bad trip

Thursday, February 11th, 2010

During a little online research for a preconcert lecture Friday, I came across this article on Mozart and Haydn which concluded with the following paragraph:

Some years ago, I was discussing music with two friends, one of them a distinguished contemporary composer. We were chewing over the following peculiar question, peculiar especially since it concerned an experience none of us had had in approximately three decades: If you had taken LSD and suddenly realized your trip was heading seriously south, what music would you put on the stereo to restore your emotional equilibrium and silence your demons? All three of us agreed without hesitation: a Haydn quartet. Almost any Haydn quartet.

Which got me to thinking, taking aside the LSD, what music do you turn to “to restore your emotional equilibrium and silence your demons”? I’m not talking music to sooth or relax to, I’m talking about the stuff that fundamentally grounds you and gives you that deep and firm understanding of the rightness of living and your place in the world. For me, Bach Well Tempered Clavier puts molecules back in order when the universe is going astray. You?

Music As Brain Food

Sunday, February 7th, 2010

In the last few years, it seems like there’s been a surge of interest in music and the human brain. Renowned neurologist Oliver Sacks jump-started the conversation with his remarkable 2007 book, Musicophilia, which was part scientific examination of how our brains process and react to music, and part deeply personal memoir of the author’s own lifelong love of classical music.

Sacks also showed up on an episode of WNYC’s radio show/podcast Radiolab (which I can’t recommend highly enough, by the way) to talk about a British man with “the most severe case of amnesia ever documented.” Remarkably, while the man had forgotten nearly every detail of his life, down to the names of his children, and could barely speak coherently, he could remember how to read music, sing, and even conduct a choir!

I’ve been fascinated by the way the brain processes music since the summer when I was 15 years old. I was attending a summer music camp at which we were encouraged, on Sunday mornings, to walk down the hill into the tiny town the camp was in, and become the summer choir at the village church. I loved to sing, and loved the people who attended the church, so I never missed a Sunday, even though I had little interest in the actual service.

But that summer, the church had just lost its pastor to a larger church in another part of the state, so an interim pastor had been appointed while a permanent replacement was sought. The fill-in was named Jed, as I recall, and he seemed like a wonderful and caring man, but he had a terrible stutter that nearly prevented him from being able to speak complete sentences. His condition was ameliorated by an electronic device, but it still made his sermons a challenge for everyone involved.

But the very first week I attended one of Jed’s services, I was dumbstruck to see him open a hymnal and sing along with the choir, in full, unstuttering voice. So long as the words were married to a melody, he never missed a beat. A few weeks later, I worked up the nerve to ask him about it, and he explained that, because music is processed by a different part of the brain than language, people with his condition could frequently leave their stutter behind when singing. Remarkable.

Late last year, a new scientific paper was published that really gets into the nitty-gritty of how we hear various kinds of music, and why, evolutionarily, we even bother with the stuff at all. You can get the full paper here, but unless you’re actually a scientist, you may have better luck with this excellent summary by science writer Jonah Lehrer. Here’s the money graf:

“There are two interesting takeaways from this experiment. The first is that music hijacks some very fundamental neural mechanisms. The brain is designed to learn by association: if this, then that. Music works by subtly toying with our expected associations, enticing us to make predictions about what note will come next, and then confronting us with our prediction errors. In other words, every melody manipulates the same essential mechanisms we use to make sense of reality.

The second takeaway is that music requires surprise, the dissonance of ‘low-probability notes’. While most people think about music in terms of aesthetic beauty – we like pretty consonant pitches arranged in pretty patterns – that’s exactly backwards. The point of the prettiness is to set up the surprise, to frame the deviance.”

All of which could help explain why fans of one kind of music have trouble understanding or liking another, or why someone who listens to a lot of Stravinsky and Bartok might have an easier time deciphering Schoenberg than someone who listens to a lot of Mozart and Haydn. The real bottom line seems to be that our brains are designed to be exercised, and respond best when regularly challenged. And yes, I’m already trying to work out a way to insert this whole concept into next season’s ItC concerts…

In the crosshairs

Tuesday, December 8th, 2009

I’m finishing up Michael Pollan’s wonderful The Omnivore’s Dilemma, which, I have to confess, I started back when the Orchestra was on tour in late February (I have a bad habit of reading up to a dozen books simultaneously, which often results in taking many, many months to finish a single one.) It’s a thought-provoking read (who knew how corn permeates so much of what we consume?) describing four meals from four different sources – factory farming, industrialized organic agriculture, self-sustaining polycultural organic farming and hunting/gathering.

A phrase in the hunting/gathering chapter caught my eye; “the hunter’s ecstatic purple”. Describing his participation in a pig hunt in northern California, Pollan goes on to explain:

It was as if I’d dialed up the gain on all my senses or quieted myself to such an extent that the world itself grew louder and brighter…So much sensory information was coming into my head that it seemed to push out the normal buzz of consciousness. The state felt very much like meditation, though it took no mental effort or exercise to achieve that kind of head-emptying presence. The simple act of looking and listening, tuning my senses to the forest frequencies of Pig, occupied every quadrant of mental space and anchored me to the present.

Reading this was an “aha” moment for me, as I realized that’s exactly how I feel while conducting opera.

No, I’m not comparing pig-shooting to Cavaradossi in the crosshairs of the firing squad (I just love that poster). It’s more about the feeling of absolute focus on the necessities of the present, which is so all-encompassing that, as Pollan says, one forgets both the passage of time and any physical discomfort.

Opera conducting is an entirely different beast from the orchestral variety. Ostensibly, the biggest difference is the addition of singers, costuming and scenery, but practically this translates into an approach to performance that is completely divergent.

First of all, much more so than in a purely symphonic realm, one has to be acutely aware of the necessity to create a coherent narrative from a musical standpoint; it’s a matter of constant attention to dramatic pacing. Which would be hard enough on its own, but the major complication of opera is that you have a bunch of singers running around on stage, and while you may have rehearsed something to perfection in the rehearsal hall, all bets are off when you hit the stage.

Conducting singers is often like herding cats (said with all love and respect for my singing friends and colleagues – but it remains fact that singers rarely have to work under the constraints of communal agreement and consistency that orchestral players do). Combine the artistic license being taken vocally on stage with a prop door that doesn’t seem to want to open with a smoke machine that threatens to asphyxiate your first violin section, and you have all the makings of a disaster.

But, oddly (and that very same scenario happened to me several weeks back during the Orchestra’s run of Hansel and Gretel), just as those little calamities are piling up, I feel calmer and more focused. After a particularly harrowing act in which a soprano threatened to skip over several lines of music, our principal horn Mike Gast found me backstage and asked, “Geez, doesn’t that make you crazy? How do you not panic?”

Call me crazy, but I love that feeling of chaos. When it happens, I utterly understand Pollan’s “ecstatic purple”; time slows down, and all those constant bubbles of subconscious thought (“‘Did I feed the dogs? Will my house in Richmond ever sell? Should I call my dentist tomorrow?”) completely dissipate. My attention is given fully to the task at hand (lassoing the errant soprano, holding a cue until the door can be opened, fanning the violins with a spare hand) and on nothing else. Which for me is incredibly mind-clearing, and thus intensely pleasurable. It’s ironic that at those moments when a conductor should feel as if they’re caught in the crosshairs, I feel the most relaxed and free – anyone have any comparable experiences in other fields?

Old friends

Friday, October 2nd, 2009

I’m back in the Twin Cities and settling into my new house – the movers arrived yesterday with several tons of belongings (pianos and scores are very, very heavy), and with the cable installed I finally have internet access! I managed to unpack most of my books today and am in the midst of the arduous process of reordering, recataloging and reshelving several hundred scores.

Often, hearing just a few moments of an old, familiar song on the radio (80’s nostalgia, anyone?), we’re taken back into a particular moment in life – the summer of a first love, a memorable high school dance – (for me, 50 Cent’s “In Da Club” takes me back to a difficult couple of months during the messy dissolution of an orchestra with which I was working, but that’s a whole other story…) . I experience something similar when I merely glance at certain scores, because they bring back powerful memories of when I first encountered them.

Dvorak – Symphony #8: the first piece I ever conducted, at 16. My high school orchestra director handed me a baton and took off to take a phone call. I was both utterly enthralled and completely terrified; it’s the moment I got totally hooked.

Chausson – Symphony in Bb Major: on the podium at the Monteux School in Maine many years ago, being yelled at by Charles Bruck. One of the very few times I’ve had to fight back tears on the podium.

Bach – Brandenburg Concerto #1 onstage at the Curtis Institute with an all-star cast of classmates; extraordinary music-making, but more importantly, an extraordinary sense of cameraderie and a unity of purpose that one rarely experiences. The death of one of the performers several years ago only adds to the poignancy of the memory.

Brahms – Symphony #4: a subscription debut with a professional orchestra during my final student years; I had carefully annotated my own parts, and the concertmaster and I came to loggerheads with the bowings for the third movement. “It’s backwards!” he said; “But it puts the accent and the long note in the right place!” I replied. I won the argument – after several rehearsals, I finally won the concertmaster’s approval.

Strauss – Egyptian March: one of the pieces I conducted on a concert the night after my father died. I’ve done everything else on the program since then; subsequently, the memory of that awful period has been erased from them. But this is a piece I’ve not encountered since, and hearing it takes me back to a very dark time.

Stravinsky – Petrouchka: first heard as a young kid on “Dance in America” as part of a tribute to Nijinsky featuring Rudolf Nureyev. I had never been so mesmerized in my (at that point, very short) life, and hearing the whirling exuberance of the opening carnival tableau always reminds me of the sense of thrill and wonder I felt then.

It’s been a ridiculously busy couple of weeks moving my household (and husband) half-way across the country, an effort not without it’s stresses. But there’s a deep reassurance in opening box after box of my old friends, a flitting memory accompanying each, as I ease each volume onto the shelf.

Don’t Worry. Be Happy.

Tuesday, August 4th, 2009

Every few years, someone does a study of orchestra musicians, and comes up with the staggering result that many of us are deeply unhappy. Or if not actually unhappy, at least deeply dissatisfied with our work life. These studies are always duly reported by the arts media with the requisite degree of incredulity (How could people who are getting paid to play great music possibly be unhappy? What is wrong with these people?), and there are usually a few backlash commentaries appended in which unhappy people who get paid to write about great music order those of us who get paid to play it to cheer up and grow a sense of perspective.

I’ve always been fairly skeptical of these studies, partly because I just haven’t met all that many unhappy musicians. Cynical, yes; jaded, sure, but not actually unhappy on the whole. Also, I’ve noticed that a lot of these studies seem to come out of the UK, which makes sense, because while Great Britain boasts some of the world’s finest orchestras, those orchestras are, by and large, notorious for low pay and lousy working conditions, as compared with their peer orchestras in the US, Germany, and Austria.

But if there is a kernel of truth in these studies, it can be found in the conclusion that orchestral musicians can grow to feel stifled by the very nature of orchestral life. As an article I read last week put it, “orchestral musicians are, in a sense, the assembly-line workers of the arts world. Like their counterparts on the factory floor, they’re asked to execute the exact same task again and again — a method that may be efficient for producing consumer goods, but hardly one that promotes inspired performances.”

Now, I would argue that if we’re actually being asked to execute the exact same task in the exact same way again and again, someone in charge [looking meaningfully in the direction of the podium] isn’t doing his/her job correctly. But the point is well taken – unlike soloists or chamber musicians, or even freelancers who leap from gig to gig, full-time orchestra players have to get used to a lifetime of following orders, and having little to no say in the nuances of any given performance. We don’t get to pick the repertoire we perform, we have very little say in who the conductor or the soloist will be, and while over time, our ensemble might develop a certain group style of playing, we’re always subject to the whims of whoever is waving the baton.

There’s a reason for this, of course, and it’s that, when you have nearly 100 musicians on a single stage, someone has to be in charge. Democracy is simply not a viable option for a symphony orchestra. It’s barely a viable option for string quartets, many of which spend endless rehearsal hours bickering over everything from bowings to the proper way to play a trill in Haydn. So I’ve never much minded trading my voice in the process for the simple pleasure of knowing that the rehearsal isn’t going to be derailed by two opinionated violinists butting heads. And if I think the conductor is an idiot, I can blow off that particular head of steam over a post-concert beer, and remind myself that he’ll be gone next week. (Unless, of course, he’s the music director, which is a whole different problem that, thankfully, I don’t have at the moment.)

In the end, I think that these orchestral happiness studies tend to get more attention than they really merit. They’re interesting to people largely because they shine a bright light on the fact that the orchestral workplace is, after all, a workplace, subject to the same stresses, personality conflicts, and political gamesmanship as any other office. But unless an orchestra is truly being badly mismanaged (and certainly some are,) the vast majority of the musicians tend to be pretty content with our lot, even if we think there’s room for improvement. In other words, it’s probably a lot like where you work, except that the last few hours of your work week probably don’t include formalwear. Lucky you.

Notes and neurons

Saturday, August 1st, 2009

Early this year I posted about a Bobby McFerrin concert at Orchestra Hall – in the last few paragraphs, I was marveling at the fact that McFerrin got the audience to sing along on a pentatonic scale without a word of explanation or even teaching all the notes in the scale. Which turns out to be a conscious tactic on his part, as we see below:

http://vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=5732745&server=vimeo.com&show_title=1&show_byline=1&show_portrait=0&color=&fullscreen=1

World Science Festival 2009: Bobby McFerrin Demonstrates the Power of the Pentatonic Scale from World Science Festival on Vimeo.

Again, I marvel; understanding of the organization of pitches in the pentatonic scale seems instinctive. McFerrin provides the context of the scale through his “descant” above the audience. The audience understands the tonal context both unconsciously and automatically. Another clear-cut example of how our brains are hard-wired for music.

Encouraging Dissent

Friday, May 29th, 2009

Washington Post music critic Anne Midgette has an interesting post up on her blog this week about an odd sort of groupthink that frequently seems to permeate the classical music world:

“Why do we all have to like the same composers? I’m sure that we could find movies or books that we disagree about without it seeming quite so heretical. (Actually, my husband doesn’t care for Bruckner, and I love Bruckner, and we manage to continue a happy marriage regardless.) Anyway, I think we need to embrace these disagreements, because they help get classical music off its film-star pedestal and into an arena where we can interact with it, have opinions about it, dare not to like it.”

I like the comparison to other art forms, because whereas critics who write about movies, books, and theater spar continuously over the quality (or lack of quality) of what they’re reviewing, many classical music critics seem to feel constrained only to review the performance of a piece of music, and rarely discuss the merits of the work itself. And given how passionately many classical fans feel about their favorite composers, I’d probably do the same in their shoes. It’s really not worth the trouble you’re going to stir up by saying in print that, just for instance, Bruckner’s symphonies are overrated, long-winded, and boring.

Midgette has another theory about why critics should be more open about their likes and dislikes, though:

We talk a lot about how to reach new younger audiences: well, they’re not fooled by didactic lectures and hollow praise. I have a host of anecdotes about times I felt I reached someone who was new to classical music by giving them permission not to like it.

Now, this rings very true to me, and I’ve got an anecdote of my own. A few years back, we were playing the world premiere of a newly commissioned work, and from the opening moments of the first rehearsal, we knew that we were in for a very tough slog through some incredibly dense, modernist stuff that our audiences were just going to hate. It’s never fun trying to get through music like that, because we can see the audience visibly hating it, willing it to be over, and nobody wins in that situation. You can always hope that the audience will be so incensed that they’ll do something dramatic like refuse to applaud, or even boo the composer, but most American audiences are far too polite to ever consider such acting out.

Now sometimes, when we’re playing a new piece, we’ll invite the composer to say a few words about it before we play it, which can sometimes have the effect of making the audience more open to what they’re about to hear. But in this case, the composer of what I’ll call the Noise Concerto wasn’t actually going to be at the concerts, so Osmo decided to speak to the audience instead. I couldn’t imagine what he was planning to say about a piece that basically everyone agreed was unlistenable. Here’s what he said (to the best of my memory – this was several years ago, and I don’t have it on tape):

“When I first received the score for this piece by [Composer X], I thought to myself, ‘Oh, no.’”

At this, there was a slight gasp and some nervous laughter from the audience. Osmo went on, “It seemed so dark, and so difficult, and with so much happening all over the orchestra, and I didn’t know whether anyone would be able to listen to it. But now, as we’ve been rehearsing and playing it all week, and we have begun to understand some of the composer’s ideas, now I think… well, now I think still “Oh, no” in many places.”

The audience erupted in laughter. Osmo wasn’t done: “But,” he said quickly,” what does Vänskä know? I am hearing the piece for the first time just as you are, just as we all are, and when we play it, you will have your own conclusions, and those are what matter.”

It was a masterful way to introduce the piece. There was no question, once we’d finished the premiere, that the vast majority of those in attendance fell into the “Oh, no” camp, but the amazing thing was that it was clear from the looks on people’s faces as we played that, by giving them permission to hate the piece, we had made them more open to giving it a chance. At some of the work’s loudest, most headache-inducing moments, I even saw a few people smirking or chuckling, as if to say, “Wow. This must be one of the ‘Oh, no’ places.”

The lesson, I think, is that people who know they’re allowed to have their own opinions on what we’re doing on stage are far more likely to engage, and to view concerts as something they participate in, rather than as something static that is set in front of them. Midgette sums it up nicely:

“We don’t need boosterism: we need to regain a sense that this field matters, and that there are reasons for everyone to care about it, beyond a dutiful sense of “it is great and we should.” That’s the basis of a love of music, an amateurism, that sustains, rather than distant appreciation of isolated, glamorous performances.”

Looking For The Flames

Thursday, May 7th, 2009

I’ve written before about St. Paul’s T.D. Mischke, the former KSTP radio talker who once showed up at Orchestra Hall just to watch a rehearsal and chat excitedly with as many musicians as he could collar. These days, Mischke’s taken a new gig over at City Pages, our alternative weekly paper, where he conducts a daily online “radio” show and, even better, writes regularly for the paper and its web site. Not surprisingly, he’s instantly become one of the most indispensable columnists in town. The man has a way with words, and when he turns his thoughts to music, well…

“They said God help the artist who doesn’t want to rebel. Have mercy on the poor bastard who isn’t running away from something pleasant and beelining toward something dangerous. Because that’s where the fire flares all night long. And if an artist, a musician, a songwriter, isn’t looking for the flames, then he’s found himself a deadly little pocket of comfort, as edgy as a new suburban development, as easy as a patio. Then he’s no artist at all.”

That paragraph ought to be carved in stone at every concert hall, musicians’ union local, and music school in the world, if you ask me.